A Practical Guide to Setting Up a Septic System: What Every Landowner Needs to Know

If you’re living in a rural area, establishing a farm, or developing an off-grid homestead, a properly designed and permitted septic system isn’t optional — it’s essential. Poorly planned systems can lead to groundwater contamination, health hazards, and costly fines. Here’s what you need to know to do it right the first time.

Step 1: Know Your Legal Requirements

Before breaking ground, you must contact your county or state health/environmental department. Every jurisdiction has specific regulations on:

• Soil percolation testing (perc test)

• Setback requirements (e.g., distance from wells, streams, property lines)

• System type approvals

• Permit applications and inspections

Failing to comply can halt construction or force you to remove and rebuild at your expense.

Step 2: Perform a Site and Soil Evaluation

You’ll need a certified soil scientist or engineer to conduct a perc test and evaluate your site's suitability. Key factors include:

• Soil type (clay-heavy soils may require more expensive systems)

• Slope and drainage

• Seasonal water table levels

• Property use (residential vs. livestock operation)

This step directly affects system design and cost.

Step 3: Choose the Right System Type

Septic systems vary by complexity and cost. Your soil and site will dictate what’s allowed. Common types:

• Conventional (gravity-fed): Most affordable but only viable on well-drained soils.

• Pressure distribution: Needed where soils are less permeable or topography is flat.

• Mound systems or sand filters: For high water tables or poor soils — expensive and maintenance-heavy.

• Aerobic treatment units (ATUs): More like mini sewage plants; necessary for small or environmentally sensitive sites.

For agricultural or mixed-use properties, consult with your extension agent or NRCS conservation planner to ensure system compatibility with animal housing or irrigation areas.

Step 4: Develop a Site Plan and Submit a Permit Application

Work with a licensed engineer or septic system designer to:

• Draw a site map showing all features (wells, barns, fences, roads)

• Indicate the primary and reserve drain fields

• Include system specs and estimated daily flow

Submit this with your permit application to the county health department. Expect a fee ($300–$1,200 depending on location) and a review timeline.

Step 5: Hire a Licensed Installer

Never DIY a septic system unless you're licensed and permitted to do so. A qualified contractor will:

• Install tanks, pumps, and drain lines to code

• Schedule inspections with the county

• Provide you with an “as-built” drawing and maintenance guide

Tip: Get multiple quotes. Install costs range from $7,000 to $20,000+ depending on the system type, soil conditions, and labor.

Step 6: Plan for Maintenance and Monitoring

A septic system is not “set and forget.” Proper use and upkeep are critical:

• Pump tanks every 3–5 years

• Avoid grease, wipes, or chemicals in the drain

• Keep heavy equipment and livestock off drain fields

• Maintain a reserve drain field for future expansion or failure

For larger properties, you may also need to comply with local nutrient management or groundwater protection plans — especially if applying for NRCS EQIP funding.

Final Thoughts

A septic system is foundational infrastructure — just like fencing, wells, or irrigation. Don’t cut corners. Whether you’re building a homestead, expanding a ranch, or applying for USDA loan assistance, a permitted, well-functioning septic system is often a prerequisite for financing and insurance.

Need help budgeting for your septic system in your farm business plan or NRCS funding proposal? I can assist with realistic cost estimates and USDA-compliant documentation.